行政诉讼证明标准的实践问题与完善建议

Practical Issues and Improvement Suggestions on the Standard of Proof in Administrative Litigation

目前我国法律尚未对行政诉讼证明标准作出明确规定。由于缺乏清晰化的规则指导,一定程度上导致了行政机关对行政诉讼与行政程序证明标准的关系认识不清、行政诉讼证明标准的适用具有模糊性、“同案不同标”现象频发等实践问题。对此,理论界积极寻求解决方案,但在行政诉讼证明标准的体系构建方面颇具争议。完善行政诉讼证明标准,首先应明确其构建所需秉持的基本价值理念,同时要清楚把握行政诉讼与行政程序证明标准的关系。在体系构建方面,可以形成由合理可能性标准、清楚而有说服力标准以及排除合理怀疑标准组成的行政诉讼证明标准类型化体系。实践中应综合考量行政案件类型与对行政相对人权益的影响程度,选择最为适宜的证明标准予以适用。

Currently,there are no clear legal provisions regarding the standard of proof in administrative litigation in China.The lack of clear guiding rules has led to certain practical issues,such as the unclear understanding of the relationship between the standard of proof in administrative litigation and administrative procedures by administrative agencies,the ambiguity in the application of the standard of proof in administrative litigation,and the frequent occurrence of the phenomenon of“different standards for the same case”.In response,the academic community is actively seeking solutions,but there is significant controversy regarding the construction of the system for the standard of proof in administrative litigation.To improve the standard of proof in administrative litigation,it is essential to clarify its foundational value concepts and to clearly understand the relationship between the standards of proof in administrative litigation and administrative procedures.In terms of system construction,a typological system of the standard of proof in administrative litigation can be formed,consisting of the standards of reasonable possibility,clear and persuasive evidence,and exclusion of reasonable doubt.In practice,it is necessary to comprehensively consider the types of administrative cases and the extent of their impact on the rights and interests of administrative counterparts,and to select the most appropriate standard of proof for application.