法益保护视域下妨害兴奋剂管理罪的立法反思与完善

Legislative Reflection and Improvement of the Offence of Obstructing Doping Control under the Perspective of Legal Benefit Protection

我国对妨害兴奋剂管理行为的刑法规制,经历了从“罪罚有据”的依附性治理到“严而不厉”的独立性入罪阶段,这深刻反映出立法机关严厉打击涉兴奋剂犯罪的决心。然而,该罪的制定虽然具有一定的现实意义,但也存在着法益保护不足、立法定位不明等问题,因而有必要立足实质的法益概念,探索妨害兴奋剂管理行为侵犯的法益,并以此划定该类行为的刑事处罚边界。通过对当前体育政策的精准化识别,可将法益的存在面界定为“体育竞赛中公平竞争的场域”,将法益的价值面界定为“中华民族的体育精神”。在此基础上,未来的立法完善可以分三个步骤进行:第一,取消国际重大体育竞赛情形下对“情节严重”的限制;第二,增设组织、强迫未成年运动员使用兴奋剂罪;第三,通过在刑法分则中增设专节以明确对体育法益的保护。

Chinese criminal law system for obstructing doping control has gone through a phase from the dependent governance of “guilt can be relied upon” to the independent criminalization of “strict but not severe”, which deeply reflects the determination of the legislature to crack down on doping-related crimes. However, although the formulation of this offence has certain practical significance, there are also problems such as insufficient protection of legal interests and unclear legislative positioning. Therefore,it is necessary to explore the infringing legal interests of obstructing doping control based on the concept of substantive legal interests, and to delineate the boundary of criminal penalties for such behaviours in this way. Through the precise identification of the current sports policy, the existence of the legal interest can be defined as “the field of fair competition in sports competition”, and the value of the legal interest can be defined as “the sports spirit of the Chinese nation”. On this basis, future legislative improvements can be made in three steps: first, the restriction on “aggravating circumstances” in the case of major international sports competitions should be removed;secondly, the offence of organising or forcing underage athletes to use doping should be added;thirdly, the protection of the legal interests of sports should be clarified by adding a special section in the subsection of the criminal law.