Metabolic activities of marine ammonia-oxidizing archaea orchestrated by quorum sensing

Ammonia-oxidizing archaea(AOA)play crucial roles in marine carbon and nitrogen cycles by fixing inorganic carbon and performing the initial step of nitrification.Evaluation of carbon and nitrogen metabolism popularly relies on functional genes such as amoA and accA.Increasing studies suggest that quorum sensing(QS)mainly studied in biofilms for bacteria may serve as a universal communication and regulatory mechanism among prokaryotes;however,this has yet to be demonstrated in marine planktonic archaea.To bridge this knowledge gap,we employed a combination of metabolic activity markers(amoA,accA,and grs)to elucidate the regulation of AOA-mediated nitrogen,carbon processes,and their interactions with the sur-rounding heterotrophic population.Through co-transcription investigations linking metabolic markers to potential key QS genes,we discovered that QS molecules could regulate AOA's carbon,nitrogen,and lipid metabolisms under different conditions.Interestingly,specific AOA ecotypes showed a preference for employing distinct QS systems and a distinct QS circuit involving a typical population.Overall,our data demonstrate that Qs orchestrates nitrogen and carbon metabolism,including the exchange of organic metabolites between AOA and surrounding heterotrophic bacteria,which has been pre-viously overlooked in marine AOA research.