预防甲型流感的新型及通用疫苗研发新进展

Recent Advances in Novel and Universal Influenza A Prevention Vaccines

流感是一种主要由甲型流感病毒引起的呼吸道传染病,接种流感疫苗被认为是预防和控制甲型流感病毒大规模流行最经济、最有效的措施之一。多年来各种类型的流感疫苗在预防和控制甲型流感病毒传染方面发挥了很大作用。流感病毒存在多种亚型,且易于突变重组,世界卫生组织(WHO)每年都会预测南北半球候选流感病毒毒株,指导各国疫苗企业生产流感疫苗。尽管如此,疫苗与流行株的不匹配现象也普遍存在,导致所注射疫苗保护效果差甚至无保护效果。为了克服现有流感疫苗的局限性,迫切需要一种能提供长期和广谱保护作用的通用流感疫苗,近年相关研究机构和疫苗企业也转向通用流感疫苗的研发,并对其寄予很大期望。对近年国内外已批准上市的传统流感疫苗、新型和通用疫苗,特别是DNA/mRNA疫苗研发的新进展,以及未来通用型流感疫苗的发展方向进行较为系统的综述和分析,以期为我国开发高效广谱的新型流感疫苗提供重要理论参考。

Influenza is a highly contagious respiratory disease caused primarily by the influenza A virus.Influenza vaccine is one of the most economical and effective ways to prevent and control the widespread epidemics of influenza A viruses.Although various types of vaccines developed over the years have played a certain role in preventing and controlling influenza A virus infection,it is common that the antigens of vaccines and circulating strains do not match due to the existence of multiple subtypes of influenza viruses and their easy mutation and recombination,which often results in the injected vaccine not having a protective effect and frequent changes of vaccines.To effectively address this thorny problem,some research institutions and vaccine companies have turned to the development of universal or broad-spectrum influenza vaccines and have high expectations.This article systematically reviews the traditional influenza vaccines and the newly approved universal vaccines,both domestically and internationally.In particular,it highlights recent advances in DNA/mRNA vaccine research and development.It also discusses the future direction of universal influenza vaccine development.The aim is to provide guidance and support for the development of efficient and broad-spectrum new influenza vaccines,and to provide an important theoretical reference and technical basis.