非捐似捐:清乾隆朝山东盐义仓的制度设计与实际运作

Non-Donative Contributions:The Design and Implementation of the Shandong Salt Public Granary during the Qianlong Era

清代山东盐义仓的出现源于乾隆六年(1741)山东票盐制度改革。当时商运票盐不为世业,所以盐商之间多有争斗,又因官员对盐业的干扰,影响山东盐业运作。清朝改行“输粟充商”法,将票盐改为世业,盐商输谷所建之仓,即为盐义仓。盐义仓谷性质本为盐商“保证金”,应由盐商自行管理,然而在实践中逐渐被收归官府管理,并与其他仓储系统的谷石一体蠲免,更类似捐输。山东盐义仓最终在乾隆二十八年被废止,仓谷与仓廒均被划入社仓,走上了一条与两淮、两浙盐义仓迥异的发展道路。

The origin of the Shandong Salt Public Granary in the Qing Dynasty can be traced back to the reform of the Shandong ticket salt system in the sixth year of the Qianlong era.Due to the impermanence of the ticket salt system,conflicts were common among salt merchants.Moreover,official interference in the salt industry disrupted the operation of Shandong’s salt industry.The Qing government implemented a policy of using grain as a guarantee deposit to obtain the qualifications of a salt merchant,transforming the ticket salt into a hereditary enterprise known as the Salt Public Granary.The characteristic of the Salt Public Granary was planned as a“guarantee deposit”for salt merchants,however,grain contributions were exempted as part of an integrated system with other storage facilities,manifesting as donations in practice.The Salt Public Granary was abolished in the twenty-eighth year of the Qianlong era,which different with other Salt Public Granary.