微生物在露天矿高陡坡面生态修复中的应用与展望

Application and prospects of microorganisms in ecological restoration of high and steep slopes in open-pit mines

露天矿高陡坡面的开采活动导致了严重的生态破坏,诸如土壤退化、重金属污染及水土流失等问题显著增加了生态修复的难度。综述了露天矿高陡坡面生态修复面临的关键挑战,系统分析了微生物在土壤改良、重金属污染控制及与植物协同作用中的机制。微生物通过分解有机质、形成团粒结构、固定和转化重金属,显著改善土壤结构,增强保水能力,并降低重金属的迁移性和生态毒性。同时,微生物与植物共生的协同作用显著提升了植被恢复的成功率,促进了生态系统的重建。结合典型案例分析,说明微生物修复技术在无客土条件下展现出卓越的修复效果,特别是在重金属污染严重的区域。提出未来的发展方向应聚焦于菌种筛选优化、修复策略调整及技术标准化的建立,以推动微生物修复技术在矿区生态修复中的广泛应用。

Mining activities on high and steep slopes of open-pit mines have led to severe ecological damage,including soil degradation,heavy metal pollution,and water and soil erosion,making ecological restoration highly challenging.This paper reviews the critical challenges in restoring high and steep slopes and systematically analyzes the mechanisms by which microorganisms improve soil,control heavy metal pollution,and interact synergistically with plants.Microorganisms enhance soil structure,and water retention,and reduce heavy metal mobility and toxicity by decomposing organic matter,forming aggregates,and immobilizing and transforming heavy metals.Their symbiotic relationship with plants significantly increases vegetation recovery success rates and accelerates ecosystem reconstruction.Case studies highlight the superior restoration outcomes of microbial technologies without topsoil,particularly in areas heavily polluted by heavy metals.Future development directions should focus on strain screening optimization,restoration strategy adjustment,and standardized methodologies establishment to promote the broad application of microbial technologies in mine ecological restoration.