亲疏水一体化策略构筑π共轭光诊疗纳米材料的研究进展

The Research Progress on One-component Photodiagnostic Nanomaterials Based onπ-Conjugated Amphiphilic Polymers

有机光诊疗π共轭分子由于明确的分子结构、丰富的激发态性质、大的摩尔吸光系数以及优异的生物安全性,在生物成像和肿瘤治疗方面展示出巨大的应用潜力.然而,π共轭分子的强疏水性严重制约了它在生物体内的实际应用.目前的研究致力于利用两亲性的聚合物载体包裹疏水分子以达到在水中分散的目的,这可能会导致不可控的分子泄露并造成严重的肝脾富集.合成π共轭双亲聚合物构建一体化胶束是增强生物安全性,实现体内光诊疗应用的理想手段.本文首先介绍了光诊疗π共轭分子的种类和分子结构设计,及其光物理化学性质.其次,详细探讨了一体化胶束的构建方法,主要包括聚合物直接接枝(graft to)和π共轭分子参与聚合(graft from)2种方式.同时,对一体化胶束构建过程中使用亲水性高分子种类及功能进行了分类探讨,主要包括非生物大分子聚乙二醇和聚两性离子以及生物大分子核酸、多肽、多糖等.最后,讨论了一体化胶束的独特性质及其在调控分子组装结构、调节生物体代谢性质、细胞和活体成像以及肿瘤治疗等方面的应用.并对一体化的有机光诊疗纳米胶束在生物医学领域的研究进展进行了总结和展望.

Organic phototheranosticπ-conjugated molecules exhibit great potential for bioimaging and tumor therapy applications due to their well-defined molecular structures,abundant excited state properties,large molar absorption coefficients,and excellent biosafety.However,the strong hydrophobicity ofπ-conjugated molecules severely restricts their practical applications in organisms.Current research is devoted to using amphiphilic polymer carriers to encapsulate hydrophobicπ-conjugated molecules for water dispersion.This may lead to uncontrollable molecular leakage and cause severe liver and spleen enrichment.Synthesis ofπ-conjugated amphiphilic polymers and construction of one-component micelles have become an emerging strategy for developing phototheranostic materials.In this review,we summarized the recent research progress on one-component phototheranostic nanomaterials based onπ-conjugated amphiphilic polymers.First,the category of phototheranosticπ-conjugated molecules is introduced.Secondly,the constructions of one-component micelles are discussed in detail.The synthesis ofπ-conjugated amphiphilic polymers mainly includes the“graft to”and“graft from”methods.Also,the hydrophilic polymers for the synthesis ofπ-conjugated amphiphilic polymers are classified and discussed,mainly including synthetic polymers,such as polyethylene glycol and zwitterionic polymer,and biological macromolecules,like nucleic acids,peptides,polysaccharides and so on.Finally,the unique properties of these one-componentπ-conjugated nanomaterials and their applications in regulating molecular assembly,enhancing biocompatible properties,cellular and clinical imaging,and tumor therapy are reviewed.