Hemoglobin integrated red blood cell membrane-coated metalorganic framework nano-platform for improving the self-adaptive blood glucose management

Diabetes,a prevalent chronic metabolic disorder,often leads to severe complications.Currently,existing treatment methods may pose life-threatening risks due to poor patient compliance and inaccurate dosing of subcutaneous insulin injections.Hence,a biomimetic red blood cell(RBC)membrane-coated glucose-responsive nanoplatform is developed for controlling insulin release.Functionalizing nanoplatforms with RBC membrane can prolong the half-life of nano-formulation in vivo mediated by the biomimetic immune escape.Simultaneously,the cascade catalytic effect of glucose oxidase(GOx)encapsulated in metal-organic frameworks(MOFs)and hemoglobin(Hb)in the RBC membrane are able to not only facilitate glucose-responsive insulin release,but also eliminate the detrimental by-product hydrogen peroxide(H_(2)O_(2))resulting from the Hb mediated H_(2)O_(2)scavenging.Both in vitro and in vivo studies have demonstrated the favorable glucose-responsive performances of this advanced nano-platform with a single intravenous injection maintaining blood glucose balance in Type 1 Diabetes(T1D)mice for an extended duration without the hypoglycemia risk.Therefore,this biomimetic insulin delivery system is poised to function as a strategy for the intravenous insulin administration,offering a promising drug candidate for the self-adaptive long-term T1D treatment.