论不确定性与个体卷入宗教极端主义的潜在关系

On the Potential Relationship between Uncertainty and Individual Involvement in Religious Extremism

极端主义是指特定社会背景下普遍存在的一般行为或态度模式的偏差,不确定性则是指个人对身份价值、社会意义和群体命运等产生的不安全感和焦虑感。不确定性导致个体产生寻求确定感的认知闭合需求,并使其易于接受极端主义思想的影响;而宗教极端组织也正是利用个体的不确定感,提供符合他们心理需求的极端思想宣传和行为引导。为降低不确定性,个体对极端主义有热情的表达,即目标承诺发生。根据目标系统分析框架,遵从极端主义是焦点目标,遵守规范是替代目标。基于稀释效应的影响,有极端化倾向的个体会放弃对两种目标都有效的手段,而执着于仅对焦点目标有效的极端手段,从而使其对宗教极端主义的认同态度经由偏离行为的尝试而得到固化和强化。

Extremism refers to deviation from a general pattern of behavior or attitude that prevails in a given social context.Uncertainty refers to one’s perception of insecurity and anxiety caused by his social relations,the meanings of his life as well as the future of his groups,etc.Uncertainty leads individuals to demand for cognitive closure to seek certainty,who are susceptible to the influence of religious extremism.To reduce uncertainty,individuals might have a passionate expression of extremism which constitutes a goal commitment.In the goal systemic framework,adherence to extremism is a focal goal,while the legal or normative goal is an alternative goal.Individuals would persist on the single means approachable to a focal goal instead of the multiple means in terms of dilution effect.Thus,his or her inclination towards religious extremism may be reinforced and strengthened via the attempt on deviation.