论网络空间中洛卡德交换原理的适用条件与侦查制度安排

The Applicable Requirements of Locard's Exchange Principle and the Institutional Arrangement of Investigation Activities in Cyberspace

在网络空间中,洛卡德交换原理存在着概念的不适用和实践的部分适用现象,两者的矛盾引出了在数据时代下对洛卡德交换原理的本质探究。对洛卡德交换原理的本质澄清揭示了:侦查过程是对信息寻找的过程,信息载体的差异不影响侦查活动的开展,但开展侦查活动的场所必须满足洛卡德交换原理对场所产生信息在信息质量方面提出的系统性、关联性及稳定性的要求,具体要求内容为信息系统会自动响应行为出现(系统性),行为出现会使得关联信息发生变化(关联性),以及信息自身存在形态稳定可靠、不会无故消亡(稳定性)。当犯罪现场的产生信息能够达到洛卡德交换原理提出的信息质量的要求,犯罪行为人在犯罪现场进行犯罪活动时就会产生反映犯罪的稳定可靠的犯罪信息,留下犯罪痕迹,侦查人员可以之为依据来开展侦查活动。网络实名制、数据本地化、信息标准化等制度设计能够增强网络空间信息系统的系统性、关联性和稳定性,增强社会控制,有助于开展侦查活动。以电子存证技术为代表的信息关联系统验证方案和以区块链技术为代表的数据整体化存储方案有望成为数据时代下侦查活动的新型基础设施及制度安排重点。

In cyberspace,Locard’s exchange principle has a conceptual inapplicability and partial application in practice.The contradiction between the two leads to an exploration of the essence of Locard’s exchange principle in the age of data.The essential clarification of Locard’s exchange principle shows that the investigation process is a process of searching for information,and the difference between information carriers does not affect investigation activities.However,the place where investigation activities can be carried out must meet the requirement that the information generated by Locard’s exchange principle be systematic,relevant and stable in terms of information quality.Specific requirements are that the information system will automatically respond to behavior(systematic),the behavior will cause the related information to change(relevant),and the information itself is stable and reliable without disappearing for no reasons(stable).When the information generated at the crime scene can reach the information quality requirements of Locard’s exchange principle,criminal suspects will generate stable and reliable criminal information reflecting crimes when committing criminal activities at the crime scene and leave traces of crimes,and investigation activities will be carried out based on this.System designs such as network real-name system,data localization,and information standardization can increase the systematization,relevance,and stability of cyberspace information systems,enhance social control,which make for investigation activities.The information association system verification scheme exemplified by electronic depository technology and the data integrated storage scheme by blockchain technology are expected to become a new infrastructure and a key institutional arrangement of investigation activities in the age of data.