压力型体制模式下的社会组织发展——基于温州个案的研究

Development of NGOs by the Pressure System Model:A Case study on "NGOs Reform 2011-2013" in Wenzhou

压力型体制是解释中国社会跨越式发展的重要理论工具。为考察压力型体制是否可以作为社会组织发展的驱动模式,进而验证该理论的解释力并对其做出优化,本文选取2011—2013年的温州社会组织改革作为研究个案。在压力型体制框架下,温州社会组织"数量"上的急剧增长,完全是"自上而下"加压驱动的结果。"一把手"是最主要的"压力源";高额的量化指标任务直接由市民政局制定和派发,中间不允许下级职能部门参与讨论;各县(市、区)面对超出自身能力的指标任务,分别采取了六种变通策略(减压阀)来缓解压力。温州的案例表明,压力型体制模式具有较强的解释力,但尚需在压力源、减压机制和压力向度三个方面进一步优化;同时,压力型体制模式存在目标实现的可能性边界,片面的"高压驱动"无法形成社会组织发展的真正动力;最后,减压阀的运行机理也往往导致压力型体制模式的失效。因此,社会管理应当慎用压力型体制。研究的局限在于,个案方法可能以偏概全,结论的推广有一定的限度。

In China,Pressure System Model is an important theoretical tool to explain the leap-forward development. The objective of this paper is not only to verify its explanatory power and then optimize it,but also to examine whether the Model is fit for the development of NGOs. As a case study,this paper takes 'NGOs Reform 2011-2013' in Wenzhou for example. The analysis,based on the Pressure System Model Theory,indicates that the NGOs' harp growth in 'quantity' is the result of 'top-down' pressure of the Model. The 'Number One' leade(rParty Secretary)is Pressing Source. High quantitative indicators are made and distributed directly by the Bureau of NGO Affairs,left no opportunities to subordinate governments for discussing. Facing impossible tasks and indicators,county governments found 6 strategies(Decompressing Valves) to relieve the pressures. Wenzhou Case reveals that,Pressure System Model is a useful tool,but should be optimized on Pressing Source,Pressure Mechanism and Pressure Direction. Also,the Mode would have to face a possibility border,so Press Driving could not be transformed into a real driving force for the development of NGOs. At last,the Decompression Mechanism might lead the Model to failure. So it would be better not to use the Pressure System Model in the field of social management. The key limitation of the study is that it focuses solely on Wenzhou Case,which means that it can not represent other cases and be difficult to generalize the results to the others.