黑龙江省农村集中式供水水质监测和卫生安全风险因素分析

Study on water safety risk factors and countermeasures of centralized water supply in rural areas of Heilongjiang

目的了解黑龙江省农村集中式供水水质安全现状,为政府及有关部门决策提供科学依据。方法对2011-2017年黑龙江省农村集中式供水水质开展监测,进行卫生学调查,供水信息通过查阅资料、现场调查等方式收集,水样采集、保存、运输和检测按《生活饮用水标准检验方法》进行,检测结果按《生活饮用水卫生标准》评价,率的比较采用χ~2检验。结果 2011-2017年不同年份间枯水期水样合格率,2014年最低,为62.78%;2017年最高,为71.48%,差异有统计学意义(χ~2=86.054,P<0.05)。不同年份间丰水期水样合格率,2014年最低,为61.20%;2015年最高,为71.22%,差异有统计学意义(χ~2=101.515,P<0.05)。不同年份间水样总合格率,2014年最低,为61.99%;2017年最高,为71.24%,差异有统计学意义(χ~2=179.836,P<0.05)。黑龙江省农村集中式供水合格率小幅波动并呈缓慢增长趋势,感官和一般化学指标合格率较低。结论黑龙江省农村集中式供水水质得到一定改善,但为确保全省农村集中式供水安全,应建立从水源到用户的全方位保障机制。

Objective To understand the current status of water safety in centralized supplied systems in rural areas of Heilongjiang,provide scientific evidences for the government and policy-making organizations.Methods The centralized water supplies in rural Heilongjiang province were monitored and the health survey was conducted from 2011 to 2017.The water supply information was collected from history data review and on-site surveys.The drinking water samples were collected,preserved,transported,tested and evaluated according to drinking water standard examination method.The test results were evaluated according to hygienic standard for drinking water,the chi-square test was used for rate comparison.Results The lowest qualified rate of water samples in dry season between different years was 62.78% in 2014,and the highest was 71.48% in 2017.The difference was statistically significant(χ~2=86.054,P<0.05).The lowest qualified rate of water samples in wet season between different years was 61.20% in 2014,and the highest was 71.22% in 2015.The difference was statistically significant(χ~2=101.515,P<0.05).The lowest total qualified rate of water samples between different years was 61.99% in 2014,and the highest was 71.24% in 2017.The difference was statistically significant(χ~2=179.836,P<0.05).From 2011 to 2017,the qualified rate of centralized water supply in rural areas fluctuates slightly and showed a slow increasing trend.The qualified rates of physical,chemical and toxicologic indexes were low.Conclusion Water qualities of centralized supplied systems in rural areas of Heilongjiang have been improved,but in order to ensure the security of centralized water supply in rural areas of the province,an omnidirectional guarantee mechanism from water source to user should be established.