武力使用是否适宜?——领土争端中的利益与政策辨析

Is it Appropriate to Use Force?——An Analysis of the Interest and Policy in Territorial Disputes

领土争端一般被认为是传统安全议题,但这种认识中常常潜藏着过度安全化的风险,从而成为国际冲突的重要根源。这是因为,不同的领土争端,所涉及的利益并不一样,并不一定都与国家安全有关,既无法也不应都通过武力解决。从政策适宜性的角度来看,如果涉及主权和领土完整,影响到国家及其政权、人民的生存状况和安全态势,在一定的条件下运用武力是可以理解的。如果仅仅涉及资源获取和分配这样的物质利益,动用武力既不应该也不必要。如果涉及的是地位、威望和尊严等国家精神利益,一般也不得使用武力。目前各国政策实践中一个比较广泛存在的误区是:许多以安全利益之名制定的领土政策,实际上是出于获得资源等物质利益方面的考虑,其结果是导致对武力的过度使用,从而恶化、损害了地区甚至本国的安全形势和利益。为了避免这种过度安全化的情况,必须对不同争端所涉及的安全、发展和精神利益进行细致评估,并将利益程度与武力使用严格挂钩。只有据此制定出来的领土政策,才能真正有利于国家利益。

Territorial disputes are generally considered as traditional security issues,but there is often a risk of overly putting them on the security side lurks in this understanding,therefore becoming a major source of international conflicts. This is because the interests involved in different territorial disputes are not the same and not necessarily related to national security,they cannot and should not resolved by force.From the perspective of policy appropriateness,if they involve the sovereignty and territorial integrity,and affect the living conditions and the security situation of the country and its government and the people,the use of force is understandable under certain conditions. If material interests such as acquisition and allocation of resources are involved only,force should not be used and it is unnecessary to do. If national spiritual interests such as status,prestige and dignity are involved,the use of force is prohibited in general. There is a relatively widespread mistake in the practice of national policy currently: many territorial policies formulated in the name of security interests are in fact out of consideration for material interests such as the acquisition of resources,resulting in excessive use of force and exacerbating the damages to the region and even the country's own security situation and interests. To avoid this case of excessively emphasizing the security side,one must carefully assess the security,development and spiritual interests involved in different disputes and strictly link the extent of interests to the use of force. Only territorial policy worked out accordingly can truly benefit the national interest.