志愿失灵的治理:一种反思

Governance on Voluntary Failure:A Reflection

作为对保守主义志愿理论的反动,萨拉蒙提出的"志愿失灵"理论将政府视为志愿部门有效提供公共服务的必要条件。沿着"志愿失灵"的四个维度——"慈善不足""慈善的特殊主义""慈善的家长制作风""慈善的业余主义"铺展开去,可以发现该理论框架不仅能够检视政府作为志愿组织的重要补充性机制,同样可以用来审视政府的作用是否能够真正地帮助非营利组织摆脱或克服"志愿失灵"的困境。结合国内政府购买公共服务的现实状况,可发现政府对志愿失灵的化解作用并非完全积极,甚至不当介入会使得问题更加复杂。要解决此问题,则需要从组织资源的优化配置、社区参与的制度设计、政府购买服务的支持体系、政府责任边界明晰等方面入手。

As a response to conservative voluntary theory,the Voluntary Failure proposed by Salomon regards government as an effective necessity in the field of providing public services.From the dimensions of philanthropic Insufficiency,Particularism,Paternalism,and Amateurism,the theoretical framework not only provides practical criterions to view the government as the complementary substance to voluntary organizations,but can be used to examine the functions of government whether can truly help nonprofits to overcome voluntary failure.Based on the real context of government purchasing public services in China,we can find government which is not completely positive in solving the problems of voluntary failure.The improper intervention even make the existing problems more complicated.In order to improve the situation,we need to pay attention to the organizational resources allocation,community participation,support system of government purchasing services,and the boundaries of government responsibility.