求解过度犯罪化的迷惑——中国的去罪化经验与国际启示

Solving the Puzzle of Overcriminalization—— The Experience of Decriminalization in China

在过去几十年里,西方国家见证了刑事法的扩张过程,以及由此导致的刑事司法系统疲于应对大量轻微违法的现状。为了赢得与过度犯罪化和犯罪趋势的增长这场战争,全世界的法学家都在力求通过去罪化解决过度犯罪化这个古老而麻烦的问题。中国,这个正在发展中的东方巨人,过去和现在都在尝试仅将严重的违法行为规定为犯罪。不像那些扩展了刑法渊源的法令、条例规定的西方国家,中国把中华人民共和国刑法作为惩罚犯罪的唯一依据。对于严重犯罪的概念,中国将民事违法和行政违法行为去罪化,只有达到犯罪化要求所规定的定性和定量标准的严重违法行为才是犯罪。中国刑法把犯罪定义为严重违法行为,并且清楚地说明了轻微违法行为不是犯罪。这些轻微违法行为被(作者)划分为治安违法、行政违法、纪律违法行为,按照行政程序处理,而不是刑事程序处理。借助于跨国视角下的犯罪定义不同模式进行比较,本文揭示了中国刑事司法系统去罪化的深远意义。借助于实证调研,中国的去罪化经验反映了未来全球刑事司法改革的方向,这些措施值得西方国家学习。

The last decades in Western Countries have witnessed the expansion of criminal law,even if minor offences overloaded criminal justice system.With regard to a popular problem how to win the war against overcriminalization and increasing crime trend,criminologists around the world are seeking to solve the old but troublesome overcriminalization by arguing for decriminalization.China,the developing but conservative oriental giant,was and is seeking to control crime by criminalizing serious offences.Unlike extending criminal law sources to statutes,regulations and ordinances,the Penal Code of the People’s Republic of China is the unique law for conviction.On defining crimes,China applies both qualitative and quantitative standards to criminalize extremely dangerous offences while decriminalize regulatory offences and civil infractions.The Penal Code defines crime as serious offences,and declares clearly that minor offences,which are classified(by the author)into Public Security Offence,Administrative Law Violation,and Inner Administrative Offence,would be disposed in accordance with administrative procedure,rather than criminal procedure.By comparing criminal laws in transnational perspectives,this article explores the profound implication of decriminalization in future criminal justice reforms all over the world,and provides the legislative proof for the proposal of decriminalization.