破解"一方水土养不起一方人"的发展困境?——易地扶贫搬迁农户的"福祉-生态"耦合模式分析

Effect of relocation and settlement program: Analysis on the coupling model of "household welfare and ecosystem reliance"

文中通过构造微观视角下表征居民'福祉水平与生态依赖'的耦合模式,对比分析不同模式下农户生计策略、收入构成和生态系统服务依赖度的差异,并进一步探究易地扶贫搬迁政策下不同耦合模式的影响因素。结果发现:'高福祉-低依赖'为最优耦合模式,该类家庭主要收入来源为外出务工汇款,其生计多样化水平较高,生态依赖度显著低于其他三类家庭;'低福祉-高依赖'为最差耦合模式,该类家庭收入来源以低效农林种植为主,其非农化程度和生计多样化水平均显著低于其他三类家庭,生态依赖度显著高于其他三类家庭。此外,不同耦合模式的家庭在不同的搬迁特征上也表现出显著的差异性,相较于非搬迁户、分散安置户、工程类移民和早期移民,搬迁户、集中安置户、自愿型移民和新阶段移民更容易实现最优耦合模式。因此,从微观角度来看,易地扶贫搬迁能有效促进搬迁家庭生计向非农转变,在提高家庭收入的同时降低对生态系统服务的依赖程度,在一定程度上对破解'一方水土养不起一方人'的发展困境起到了积极作用。文中的研究对后续移民搬迁工作的推进提供启示。

Based on the construction of the'household welfare and ecosystem reliance'coupling model from the perspective of micro rural households,this study comparatively analyzed the differences of livelihood strategies,income composition and ecosystem service dependence under different coupling models,and further tested the effects of relocation and settlement program on the coupling model.The results reveal that'high welfare and low dependence'is the optimal,of which the main income source is migrant workers’remittances,the livelihood diversification is relatively high,and ecosystem service dependence is significantly lower than the other three types.Meanwhile,'low welfare and high dependence'is the worst,of which the income mainly comes from inefficient agriculture and forestry,the degree of non-agriculture as well as the level of livelihood diversification are both significantly lower,and the ecosystem service dependence is significantly higher than the others.Furthermore,rural households of different coupling models also show significant differences in relocation characteristics that rural households of immigration,centralized resettlement,voluntary relocation and new stage relocation are easier to achieve the optimal coupling model compared with those of non-migration,dispersed resettlement,engineering migration and early stage relocation.Therefore,from the micro perspective,the relocation and settlement program can effectively promote the agricultural transformation for relocated rural households,reduce the dependence on ecosystem services while improving households’welfare,and to some extent,play a positive role in solving the development dilemma of'the natural resources here is not capable to maintain the livelihood of local people'.The study provides policy implication to the RSP in the future.