19世纪中叶对海洋空间不同的认知:耶鲁地图与西方水文学（英文）

Contrasted Perceptions of Maritime Space in the Mid-19th Century:The “Yale Maps” and Western Hydrography

早在16世纪西方水文学便对中国沿海水域有所认识。当时西方与中国在航海与制图的传统上差异并不大。可是,到了1840年代,基于两地对海洋空间认知的不同,西方与中国在航海上的习俗开始出现很大的分歧。本文集合了中国与西方对1841年一艘帆船所采取的传统南北贸易路线(亦称为《耶鲁地图》)的沿海景观的记录,包括19世纪西方有关中国海域的资料如Capt. James Horsburgh的《印度名录》与Capt. Daniel Ross,FRS,IN和Lt. Richard Collinson RN的调查。通过对比中国的数据与西方的图表与领航员的数据,我们能揭示两地在航海技术与对海洋空间的认知上隐含的差异。

Western hydrographical knowledge of China’s coastal waters began in the 16th century when the differences between western and Chinese navigational and charting traditions were relatively slight. By the 1840 s,however, a very great divergence had taken place, with each navigational practice resting on markedly contrasted perceptions of maritime space. This will be considered vis-a-vis a collection of coastal views along the standard Nanbei trade route taken from a junk in 1841(known as the Yale Maps) with respect both to what we know of Chinese charting and to early 19th century western materials on Chinese waters: the India Directory of Capt. James Horsburgh and the surveys of Capt. Daniel Ross, FRS, IN(1807-1817) and Lt. Richard Collinson RN(1841-1844). Confining our attention mainly to specific locales, we shall compare the Chinese data to that of western charts and pilots to uncover the implicit differences in navigational techniques and perceptions of maritime space.