洋务运动时期江南制造总局对中国船炮技术提升的影响~

Military Technical Influence of the Kiangnan Arsenal During the Westernization Movement

洋务运动时期,地方督抚主导创办了42家军工厂局,其采用衙门式的管理模式,耗用巨资,外购和仿制了众多西洋船炮,初步形成了近代中国兵器工业的基础。其中,位于上海的江南制造总局及其翻译馆的建立,最具特色,创造了近代中国船炮史上的多个第一。它从仿制西洋前装滑膛炮开始,最终在1905年仿成德国克虏伯式7.5生后装线膛管退式山炮,此是近代中国制炮技术最高水平的体现。但是,以沪局为代表的诸多军工厂局所产武器大而全,船炮数量不足和型制杂乱的问题一直是个顽疾。晚清以沪局为代表的军工厂局所生产的众多船炮,一则对整个社会影响甚微、御侮作用有限;二则多无创新,总体水平落后于国际主流;三则无统一规划和炮类的画一,迟滞了技术的更新。

During Westernization movement,the Qing Dynasty set up 42 Arsenal bureaus,the government management spends a huge sum of money,self-control and copied many the West warships and guns initially formed the foundation of modern Chinese arms industry.Among them,the establishment of the Kiangnan Arsenal and the translation hall were the most distinctive,creating many first in the history of modern Chinese warships and guns.It began by copying the British Muzzle and Breech-rifled Cannons.The machines and technicians were mainly from the UK,which had long been based on the British Armstrong Muzzle and Breech-rifled gun.In 1905,it imitated the Krupp 7.5 cm Breech-loaded rifled cannon successfully.But,the military enterprise,represented by the Kiangnan Arsenal was numerous,insufficient number of artillery and disorderly problem had always been a chronic illness.The warship and artillery industry represented by Kiangnan Arsenal in late Qing Dynasty had little influence on the whole society and played a limited role in repel foreign aggression.Second, there was no innovation and the overall level lagged behind the international mainstream.Third,There was no unified planning and gun drawing, delayed the warships and cannons’ technology updates.