论公正与公平待遇的习惯国际法特征

The Characteristics of Customary International Law of Fair and Equitable Treatment

公正与公平待遇条款是由作为资本输出国的发达国家主张的公平待遇条款发展而来的。作为绝对待遇标准,公正与公平待遇被认为是对投资者提供的核心保护,几乎所有的双边投资条约都规定了该标准。很多学者认为公正与公平待遇已经发展成为习惯国际法规则;但大多数发展中国家的学者反对这种观点,认为公正与公平待遇尚未达到习惯国际法规则所要求的国家实践和法律确信。本文试图从公正与公平待遇的发展历程、内容以及与最低待遇的关系三个方面论证该待遇的习惯国际法特性,针对各方的立场提出自己的观点,认为公正与公平待遇很有可能正在形成甚至已经形成了习惯国际法规则。

The term of Fair and Equitable Treatment is developed from the term of Fair Treatment advocated by capital-exporting developed countries.As an absolute standard of treatment,Fair and Equitable Treatment is considered as the core protection for investors,and almost all bilateral investment treaties stipulate this standard.Many scholars believe that this treatment has developed into a rule of customary international law;the majority of scholars in developing countries objected to this idea for the reason that this treatment has not yet meet the state practice and opinion juris requirement of customary international law.This article attempts to demonstrate characteristics of customary international law from three aspects of this treatment;the development process,content,and its relationship with international minimum standard.In view of the position of parties,this article puts forward its own view that Fair and Equitable Treatment is likely to format,or even has already formatted a rule of customary international law.