多样的欧洲民粹主义及其对民主制度的影响

Varieties of Populism in Europe and Their Impact on Democracy

近年来,从意大利民粹主义新内阁成立到博尔索纳罗赢得巴西总统大选,从民粹主义政党兴盛到问鼎最高政治权力,民粹主义政治已经深刻地影响和改变全球政治。民粹主义主张"人民"反对"精英",希望还政于民,为被"忽视"、被"抛弃"的"人民"而战,反对政治建制派以及与他们勾结在一起的少数群体。左翼民粹主义是包容性的,反对屈服于金融资本主义和新自由主义的政治精英与组织机构。右翼民粹主义是"排外的",将"外来异质文化"、破坏社会的外来移民或非本民族排除在外。左翼民粹主义力量在南欧地区兴盛,右翼民粹主义在中东欧地区发展迅速且势力强大。从长远来看,民粹主义完全不是欧洲政治舞台上转瞬即逝的插曲,而将成为欧洲政坛的新常态。民粹主义将会在更多的国家参与组成内阁或执政。中东欧地区盛行的右翼民粹主义对民主制度的侵蚀效应是否会向欧洲大陆溢出,是否会成为全球政治趋势,将成为最令人担忧的问题。

Populist parties on both the left and the right are thriving and gaining political power in recent years.Witness the establishment of the new populist cabinet in Italy or the right-wing populist Bolsonaro winning the Brazilian presidential election.Left-wing populism which thrives mainly in Southern Europe is poised to spread into the rest of the continent while right-wing populism has grown exponentially in Central and Eastern Europe.In the long run,European populism is by no means a brief interlude and stands a very good chance of being a normal part of European politics.What is most worrying is whether populism,whose corrosive impact may lead to democratic deconsolidation,will spill over into the fragile European continent and become a global political trend.