以全球价值链比较优势推动再开放——对改革开放40年外经贸重大里程碑事件的回顾与展望

Remaking of China's Opening-up Policies Based on Global Value Chain Comparative Advantage——Thoughts on Milestone Events in China's 40 Years of Opening-up to the World

强劲的国际市场需求、积极参与全球价值链、发挥外商主力军的作用、释放民营企业活力、鼓励发展加工贸易是改革开放40年我国出口出现奇迹增长的关键动力。这些因素要么降低了出口的成本,要么提升了资本/劳动力和产出/要素比。本文围绕以上动力,回顾了改革开放40年中国外贸所走过的道路,提炼出对这些要素产生重大影响的事件。40年的经验说明,充分调动企业的积极性、紧紧把握世界潮流的变化、打开国门利用国外资源是中国外贸取得成功的关键。未来中国的发展要依靠国内巨大市场所具有的规模经济优势,立足全球价值链下游比较优势,实现从"工厂经济"向"总部经济"的转变。

Over the last 40 years,China’s export miracle has been driven by strong global demand,active participation in the global value chain,the entry of foreign and private domestic enterprises into the export sector and smart use of processing trade. These forces have contributed substantially to the enhanced quality of main economic variables such as lower unit cost,higher capital/labor ratio and/or output/factor ratio. This paper is intended to review the progress of China’s foreign trade related reforms and highlight the events that are critical to help release of these forces. The unique Chinese experience shows that the incentives that give firms( domestic or foreign) higher degree of freedom,quick response to global opportunities on the part of the government and taking advantage of global resources are among the key factors to China’s success. To look into the future,China’s huge domestic markets provide the firms,being domestic or foreign,with enormous advantage in economies of scale. If the country could strengthen its competitive advantage in the downstream,it is highly likely that the Chinese economy would gradually complete a transformation from a Factory Economy to a Headquarter Economy.