从“让一部分人先富起来”到“共享发展”———中国政府共享理念发展变化研究

Studies on the Development of the Concept of“Sharing”Brought forwardby the Chinese Government

“共享”本来就是中国共产党号召、动员人民群众推翻就制度的一个重要原则,也是它经过28年的努力最终能够取得执政地位的一个重要法宝。但是,执政近30年后,中国并没有摆脱贫困。按照世界货币基金组织的统计,1978年,中国的人均GDP只有155美元,在纳入统计的137个经济体中,排名倒数第3位,仅高于尼泊尔和索马里,按联合国当时公布的标准,整个中国都处于贫困状态。这无疑对中国共产党执政的合法性提出了挑战。在这样的背景下,1978年12月召开的中共十一届三中全会决定要进行改革,提出允许、甚至鼓励一部分人先富起来。结果,中国的经济是发展起来了,但中国的收入差距也迅速拉大了。到目前为止,中国依然属于世界上收入差距较大的少数几个国家。中国的基尼系数不仅大于美国,而且也大于印度、巴基斯坦等绝大多数发展中国家。导致这一现象的一个重要原因是因为中国的决策者误读了库兹涅兹曲线理论,认为国民经济发展到一定水平(人均GDP5000美元)后收入差距会自动缩小。中国的人均GDP在2011年成功超过5000美元后,收入差距却并不见缩小。而收入差距持续高位必然导致社会分化,引发一系列社会问题。因此2015年十八届五中全会重新明确提出:必须坚持共享发展,坚持发展为了人民、发展依靠人民、发展成果由人民共享。本文认为,这一理念不仅符合中国国情,也符合目前的世界潮流。

The concept of“sharing”used to be an important principle with which the Communist Party of China(CPC)mobilized the people to overthrow the old regime and finally achieved ruling position after 28 years of struggle.However,after nearly 30 years in power,CPC failed in lifting Chinese people out of poverty.According to the International Monetary Fund,China's per capita GDP reached merely$155 in 1978,ranking third from the bottom among all 137 economies included in the statistics,only higher than that of Nepal and Somalia.By the UN standards of the time,the whole China was stranded in poverty,challenging the legitimacy of CPC's ruling status.In this context,the Party held the historic Third Plenary Session of the Eleventh Central Committee in December 1978,which ushered in the new historical period of reform and opening up.Consensus was reached that some people were allowed or even encouraged to get rich first.As a result,China's economy has taken off,with its income disparity also rapidly widening.So far,China is still one of a few nations with large income gap.It has a higher Gini coefficient than the United States as well as most other developing countries like India and Pakistan.One major reason leading to this phenomenon is that China's policy makers have misinterpreted the Kuznets curve theory,holding that the income gap narrows after the national economy reaches a certain level of development(per capita GDP$5000).After per capita GDP surpassing$5000 in 2011,the income gap,however,kept widening further.A sustained growing income gap will inevitably give rise to social differentiation and a series of social problems.Therefore,at the Fifth Plenary Session of the Eighteenth Central Committee,CPC made it clear that we should stick to the path of shared development and ensure that development is for the people,by the people and with the people sharing its fruits.The paper argues that this sharing concept not only conforms with China's national conditions,but also represents the trend of the world today.