国家治理中的肯定性行动政策:中国案例

Affirmative Action Policies in State Governance: The Case of China

国家治理中的政策问题是治理创新的关键议题。本文基于对中国肯定性行动政策所做的历史考察和现实分析,揭示了不同时期肯定性行动政策与国家治理目标之间的关系,以及中国肯定性行动政策所面临的现实挑战。肯定性行动政策在中国有着悠久的历史,并在漫长的历史演进过程中形成了以民族分类为基础的政策实践传统。伴随中国社会的急剧变迁,国家治理过程中需要平衡的差异和不均衡日益突出,不同领域和基于不同群体或维度(如地域差异)的肯定性行动政策越来越多,而日益多元化的社会对肯定性行动政策的敏感度和接受程度也在发生变化。近年中国社会频繁出现的对一些领域肯定性行动政策的不满表明,肯定性行动政策很大程度上已成为产生新的社会紧张关系的一个重要政策领域。随着中国社会的日益多元化,对多样性的管理无疑将成为国家治理的重要内容,而引入肯定性行动政策时也应更为审慎,以充分实现肯定性行动政策的治理潜力。

Policy issue in state governance is the key issue for governance innovation.Based on a historical overview and status qua analysis of affirmative action policy in China,the paper tries to reveal the relations between affirmative policies and governance goals in different periods and the realistic challenges facing China's affirmative policies.Enjoying a long history,China's affirmative action has developed a tradition of policy practice based on the ethnicity classification.With the rapid social changes in China,more and more differences and disparities that need to be redressed are appearing,and more and more affirmative policies have been introduced for governance.On the other hand,as the Chinese society is getting more diversified,the perceptive acceptability of affirmative action is changing,and affirmative policy has increasingly become an important policy area likely to produce new social tensions.Diversity management,undoubtedly an important governance goal,demands a more prudent introduction of affirmative action so as to fully realize the governance potentials of such policies.