科学的国际“关系性”——天下、软实力与世界秩序

Theorizing Relationality in International Relations:Tianxia,Soft Power,and World Order

只有将'天下'这个概念理论化才具有分析功能。'天下'是所有行为者之间必然存在关系的状态。从秩序与自由的相互关系来看,'天下'可以分为'共(公共性的)天下'与'各(霸权的)天下'。在'共天下'中,秩序与自由之间是相互支持的关系;而在'各天下'下,秩序与自由之间是相互抵制的关系。若行为者经由相互同意的角色关系接受彼此,免于规则的监督或干预,则是'共天下'。在此情境下,行为者是高度自律甚至是让利的。相反,若行为者建立了以规则为内涵的治理体系,必须行使监测或干预,则秩序与自由之间的关系成反比,所实践的因而是'各天下'。中国的软实力不应是单边垄断的力量,而是双方都能够通过让步与耐性,使对方愿意将中国关心的议程成为双边交往时的重要议题。因此,天下体系之中可以建立一个不完全以权力为核心世界秩序。

The notion of Tianxia requires theorizing to be analytically functional.Tianxia refers to a system where all are bound to relate.Two parameters that define Tianxiaare order and freedom to act.They yield two states of Tianxia:The shared state(public Tianxia)where order and freedom are positively related,and the individualized state(hegemonic Tianxia)where order and freedom are negatively related.In the shared state,actors are exempt from interventionism.They interact in accordance with mutual role expectations of self-restraint and policy concession.In the individualized state,order relies on rules as well as intervention to enforce rules.The soft power in the shared state of Tianxiadoes not come from monopolies of legitimacy or unilateral attraction.It comes from the openness to concession and patience on both sides.Attention paid to China’s agenda by others is a testimony to China’s soft power.Such a state of Tianxia offers a kind of order independent from the power calculus.