武力与道义:周人谋取天下的大战略——兼与赵汀阳研究员商榷

Force,Moral Principles,and Zhou’s Grand Strategy of Seizing Tianxia:A Rebuttal to Professor Zhao Tingyang

公元前11世纪周人勃兴、打垮殷商、巩固统治和拓展权势的过程,透露出浓重的大战略意味:国际政治现实主义原则贯穿其间,战略路径以武力讨伐、战略包围和军事结盟为主,伴之以不间断的战略隐忍、战略审慎与战略欺骗。同时,周人对'天命'的鼓吹及'天下秩序'的塑造,构成中国古代周人大战略的意识形态内涵。周人的大战略实践表明:天下秩序塑造的目的在于维持和拓展周王室的统治;该秩序的形成及所导致的和平共生,主要存在于天子与诸夏之间、华夏文明圈之内,与周边甚至混处的非华夏文明/族群存在长期的武装冲突;而天下秩序的突出特色,在于强烈的华夏文明优越感,存在对文化'他者'的不信任。周人大战略缔造的重大意义,在于成功提供了一个后进崛起国取代体系主导国的经典案例。

In the 11 th century B.C.,the rise of the Zhou Dynasty,its overthrow of the Shang Dynasty,and how the Zhou consolidated its rule and expanded its power were a classic case of successful grand strategy.Based on principles of realism,Zhou’s grand strategy relied on military conquest,strategic surroundings,military alliance,and consistently hiding its strength and ambition using prudence and deception.The Zhou also created and advocated the concepts of'Mandate of Heaven'and'Tianxia Order,'which constituted the ideological underpinnings of Zhou’s grand strategy.Zhou’s grand strategy and its practice revealed three important things.First,the aim of Tianxia order was to maintain and expand the rule of the Zhou Dynasty.Second,while peace and harmony existed between Zhou emperors and vassals within the circle of Huaxia Civilization,there were long-lasting conflicts and wars between Zhou rulers and the'barbarians'Third,one salient characteristic of the Tianxia Order was the strong belief in the cultural superiority of Huaxia,and with it,a profound lack of trust in the cultural'others.'This paper suggests that Zhou’s grand strategy offers a classic case of how a rising power successfully challenges and replaces the existing hegemony.