城市更新视角下中西方城市贫困社区治理路径演变及改造模式研究

A Review of the Evolving Modes of Governance in Poor Communities in Chinese and Western Urban Areas from the Perspective of Urban Renewal

贫困社区是城市贫困表现出来的聚集区,反映了贫困人口高度的空间集聚现象。在全球化的时代,诸多因素造成了城市贫困现象蔓延,贫困社区形成的机理具有复杂性,贫困社区改造难度大大增加。本文指出城市产业结构更迭、住房福利体系变革与社会空间分异重构是造成城市贫困社区的三个主要因素。本文通过总结中西方城市贫困社区治理的探索,发现了各国在贫困社区改造过程中政府公共部门职能逐渐明晰、引导功能加强、资本与社会组织的作用不断增强的普遍规律;通过对英国、德国与美国的研究,分析了西方贫困社区改造的城市增长联盟、国家一地方转移支付联盟与社区开发公司合作的三种模式;同时重点研究了深圳、广州和北京的改造案例,对政府在改造贫困社区中发挥主导作用的多种模式进行分析。

Poor communities in urban areas are the aggregate urban space that display the characteristics of poverty and that are densely populated with poor people. In the globalized era, a variety of elements has contributed to widespread poverty, adding more complexities and difficulties for urban renewal in poor communities. First, this article analyzes the three major causes that lead to the formation of a poor urban community —changes in the industrial structure, reform of the housing system, and social spatial differentiation. Second,based on a comprehensive review of the pattern of transforming poor urban communities reveals that the public sectors, along with the increasing involvement of private and social capital, gradually steer the transformation of the community. Based on a case study of British,American, and German practices, the article also examines three Western modes of cooperation among the state, local transfer payments, and community development companies. Additionally, the article presents a comparative study of three successful cases in the mode of transformation of a poor urban community in Shenzhen, Guangzhou, and Beijing, and in particular the role of government in the urban renewal process. Finally,the article suggests two approaches to improve the efficiency of urban renewal programs :1) reform of the system of governance, and 2) construction of a cooperative planned system that involves all the stakeholders.