普世主义、区域阵营与国际秩序 评卡尔·施密特The Nomos of the Earth:in the International Law of the Jus Publicum Europaeum

Universalism,Groβraum,and the International Order A Review of Carl Schmitt,The Nomos of the Earth in the International Law of the Jus Publicum Europaeum

施密特认为,无论国内秩序还是国际秩序,其有效存在并发挥作用均需要以稳定的'正常状态'为保障。在国内政治中,'主权者'负责维持'正常状态'。一个强大的中心权力是法律及政治体制得以维持的前提。国际秩序的存在同样需要稳定的国际'正常状态'。如果国际秩序涵盖了政治文化、发展程度差别较大的国家,那么就会出现国际秩序不满者、挑战者,破坏国际秩序现状,导致国际秩序始终处于'非常状态'。欧洲国家间的秩序于'第一次世界大战'后完全解体,原因在于普世主义原则使不同文化圈、情况各异的国家均处于同一种国际秩序(即国际联盟)之中,无法营造国际'正常状态'。施密特主张放弃普世主义原则,重视国际社会多元化、多样性,构建以'区域阵营'为单位的国际秩序。

Carl Schmitt believes that every effective norm requires a normal situation. In the sphere of domestic politics, it is the sovereign who produces and guarantees a normal situation. In domestic politics, "sovereigns"are responsible for maintaining a"normal state. " Likewise, international norms and order depend upon a normal international situation. An international order consisting of heterogeneous members of states with varying cultures, ideologies, and levels of development contribute to the emergence of dissatisfied or ambitious states, which frequently undermine the international order and result in a constant international "state of emergency. " The jus publicum Europaeum after the First World War was dissolved because the principle of universalism allowed countries in different cultural circles and in different situations to exist in the same international order(i. e., the League of Nations) and they were unable to create an international order that functioned normally. To restore a normal international order, Schmitt proposes the creation of GroBraum which conforms to the diversity of the international reality.