经济结构与制度演进:“一国两制”在澳门发展中的演进

Economic Structure and Institutional Evolution:The Practice of “One Country,Two Systems” in Macao

'一国两制'指除国防、外交由中央政府负责外,港澳在政治、经济、社会事务方面维持既有制度和高度自治,这对内地与港澳做出了明显的制度性区隔。然而,在回归后的发展过程中,澳门与内地的制度性区隔出现了一定程度的解构,逐渐呈现从'区隔'走向融合的制度演进趋势。导致这一制度演进的机制是什么?为了回答这个问题,本文基于制度演进理论分析框架的研究分析发现,特定的禀赋结构和产业结构是制度演进的关键解释变量,结构性变动导致既有利益格局的变动,从而引发制度性演进,而在'一国'的刚性原则下,制度演进有其特定的取向,亦即在'一国两制'的制度演进中,'一国'意涵所代表的因素将越来越活跃,而'两制'则逐渐从意识形态价值理念蜕变为行政和社会治理的程序性工具,这是不以主观意志为转移的客观规律。

'One country,two systems'is aside from national defense and diplomacy,which are the responsibility of the central government,Hong Kong and Macao have maintained their existing systems and a high degree of autonomy in terms of political,economic,and social affairs,and there is an obvious institutional separation from China's Mainland.However,in the development process in the aftermath the reunification,this institutional separation has been weakened to a certain extent,as part of a trend toward a gradual institutional evolution from'regional separation to regional integration.'What are the mechanisms that have led to this evolution?Based on an analysis of the theory of institutional evolution,this article finds that specific endowment and industrial structures are the key explanatory variables contributing to institutional evolution;structural changes lead to changes in existing interest patterns,which ultimately lead to the institutional evolution.Under the rigid'one country'principle,institutional evolution has been characterized by its own unique orientation,that is,evolution to'one country,two systems.'In the future,the existence of'one country'will become more prevalent,whereas the concept of'two systems'will gradually be transformed from a concept with ideological values to a procedural tool for administrative and social governance.This is an objective law that does not shift the subjective will.