Artemisia pollen-indicated steppe distribution in southern China during the Last Glacial Maximum

The Last Glacial Maximum (LGM) was the coldest period during the previous 20,000 years.There have been different points of views on steppe distribution during the LGM period in southern China,partly due to the different interpretations of Artemisia occurrences.To make a reliable interpretation of the pollen fossil Artemisia,the modern distribution of Artemisia species and the relationship of pollen with climate and vegetation over a large spatial scale in China was thoroughly analyzed.Information about Artemisia species and pollen distributions used in this paper were collected from published works completed by other researchers as well as ourselves.The southern limit of steppe vegetation during the LGM period was interpreted from the published contour map of Artemisia pollen percentages during the LGM.Artemisia species in China are mostly distributed either in the horizontally distributed steppe regions or in the vertically distributed desert-steppe in the desert region,which indicates a cold and dry climate.The steppe is a distribution center of Artemisia pollen.Fractions of Artemisia in surface pollen assemblages are lower in both the desert and the temperate forest.Neither high Artemisia species cover nor high percentages of Artemisia pollen were found in the coast areas of China.Twenty-five percent of Artemisia pollen in sediments might indicate a local occurrence of steppe vegetation.Percentages of Artemisia pollen in the subtropical and tropical forest are less than 10%.A close relationship between Artemisia pollen and temperate steppe in China is demonstrated.The southern edge of the steppe vegetation during the LGM might be along the middle reach of the Yangtze River.Our results support the hypothesis that the isolated high fraction of Artemisia pollen along the northern edge of the South China Sea was transported from a large source area.