中古谱牒的类型、层级与流变

The Type, Level, and Evolution of the Genealogies in Mid Imperial China

依据囊括族姓数量,中古谱牒可划分为"单姓谱"和"诸姓谱"两大类型,而"单姓谱"又可分为"皇族谱"和"庶姓谱","诸姓谱"亦可分为"氏族谱"和"州郡谱",此为中古谱牒的"二型四类"。唐后期,四类谱牒均呈现出新面貌,开启了宋代以降谱牒形式变化的先声。唐宋间谱牒的承袭关系,可为今人重塑中古谱牒提供参考。从世系记录来源的视角,中古各类谱牒可划分成如下层级:"庶姓谱"最为基础,"皇族谱"层级稍高,"州郡谱"是"庶姓谱"的上级,"天下氏族谱"较"州郡谱"又高一级,"专类氏族谱"与"天下氏族谱"大体相当或稍低。中古谱牒的类型与层级的理清,为考察中古谱牒的形式、内容和功能奠定了基础。

In mid imperial China, the genealogies can be divided into two categories: single surname genealogy and compound surname genealogy. The former includes the genealogies of royal families and common families, while the latter includes the genealogies of the whole Empire and a prefecture. To the late Tang dynasty, the four types of genealogies all saw some developments, which influenced the later genealogies of the Song dynasty. In terms of source, all types of genealogies in mid imperial China can be graded as follows: General family genealogy is the most basic level genealogy, the royal family genealogy is a slightly higher level genealogy. The genealogy of local well-known clans is the upper level of common family genealogy, while the genealogy of nationwide well-known clans is a higher level genealogy. Clarify the types and hierarchies of genealogy may provide a foundation for the study of the form, content and function of all the Chinese genealogies in that era.