清代广州外销银器的发展阶段及特点

The Development Stages and Characteristics of Exported Silverware in Guangzhou in the Qing Dynasty

清代广州的外销银器,按照发展风格及特点而言,大体可分为三个时期:1780年代以前是发轫期,产品以累丝银器为特色;1780年代至鸦片战争得到了进一步发展,产品大量仿造西方日用器皿,并引入了西方银器打款的传统;鸦片战争后进入繁荣期,广州外销银器制造和销售商快速增长,并借助外国人大量涌入和"西器东传"成为潮流之机,迅速向其他通商口岸城市扩张,至20世纪20年代达到鼎盛,这一时期广州大量生产中西融合特征的银器,逐渐形成了以拉丁字母销售商标识、汉字制造商标识和阿拉伯数字成色标识为组合的广东式的外销银器款识。进入30年代,受美国"白银法案"影响,国民政府实行一系列措施强化对白银的控制,其中包括对生产的银制品及其出口课以重税,外销银器走向衰落。不久抗战爆发,至建国后中国外销银器正式退出历史舞台。

In Qing Dynasty,Guangzhou export silver could be devided according to the development of the styles and peculiarities for three periods:at the initial period before 1780 s,the export silver had the feature of filigree.From 1780 s to the First Opium War,Guangzhou export silver had a great development.A large number of the silver products were modelled on the Western daily utensils,and the marked tradition of Western silver was introduced into Guangzhou.After the First Opium War,Guangzhou export silver came into a boom period,and manufacturers and sellers were increasing rapidly.Depending on the impact of mass foreign visitors and the introduction of the west instruments,the export silver became a fashion,then spread quickly to other treaty port cities,and reached its peak by 1920 s.In 1920 s,many silvers that combined with Chinese and western features was produced in Guangzhou,and the style of the Guangdong export silver mark gradually formed with a combination of Latin seller’s mark,Chinese manufacturer’s mark and the fineness of the silver in digit.In the 1930 s,under the influence of the US'Silver Act',the KMT government implemented a series of measures to strengthen the control of silver,including heavy taxes on the production of silver products and their export,which led to the decline of export silverware.Soon after the outbreak of the War of Resistance Against Japanese Aggression,the export of silverware was interrupted.After the founding of the P.R.of China,China’s export of silverware has completely become history.