雷达遥感的地质学应用及其进展

Geology Application of Radar Remote Sensing Technology and Its Development

合成孔径雷达(SAR)遥感以其独有的全天时、全天候观测能力和对地表的穿透性及形态探测能力,特别是现在新型成像雷达技术的发展,使之在地质学应用中具有独特的优势。结合SAR应用技术的发展阶段,即由单波段单极化到多波段多极化,再发展到现在极化测量和干涉测量阶段,综述了成像雷达遥感在地学中的应用,特别是对新型成像雷达技术(极化雷达、干涉雷达)的地学应用作了介绍。

SAR remote\|sensing instruments with the capabilities of all weather and all day/night, penetration, and terrain detection, especially the development of new imaging radar technologies, i.e. polarimetric SAR (PolSAR) and interferometric SAR (INSAR), provide unique geological environmental information, quite different from, yet complementary to passive systems such as visible, infrared and passive microwave radiometers. As active instruments, they provide their own illumination, which is minimally affected by weather conditions and time of day or night. SAR instruments are sensitive to topographic features, surface roughness, and to changes in dielectric constant. In addition, the synthetic aperture technique of SAR image formation provides very high resolution imagery (in the several meters to several hundred meters range). These characteristics of SAR data make them extraordinarily useful for many operational geologic mapping and monitoring activities.\;SAR data provide unique information about geology, such as lineament features, fault zone, stratum outcrop,and volcanic formation, as well as critical data for geological hazards and mine resource assessments. Interferometric measurement capabilities uniquely provided by SAR are required to generate global topographic maps, to monitor surface topographic change, and to monitor earthquake and volcanic movement. Multiparameter SAR data are crucial for accurate lithology classification, measuring terrain change, delineation of geology mapping. \;The development of geology application of radar remote sensing technology is reviewed in this paper through the development of SAR, that is, from single\|band, single polarization to multi-band, multi-polarization, then to PolSAR and INSAR.