论扬雄《方言》楚地词“赵”与南方民族桃木崇拜

The Chu Character "赵" in Dialect by Yang Xiong and the Peach Wood Worship of Ethnic Groups in Southern China

扬雄《方言》记载楚地表"床杠"义的语词"赵","赵"的语义系统均与床杠义无涉,应属标音字。"床杠"义在文献中用"■"表示,至《广雅》方有记载。"■"与"赵"中古读音相同,由于楚地词"赵"只是一标音字,进入汉籍文献后,采用形声造字法产生表"床杠"义的"■"。考察现今方言及少数民族语言材料,我们发现,在今客话、闽语,湖南江永、道县等地土话及壮侗语族水语中保留此词的用法。这与秦汉以来楚方言区域的变迁及楚方言区域内生活的少数民族情况相吻合。这绝不是巧合现象,而是扬雄时代楚地词在今天南方汉语方言及少数民族语言中的遗存现象,它见证了楚方言与南方汉语方言及少数民族语言之间的相互接触与影响,透露这些民族语言所在区域源远流长的"桃木崇拜"的文化意蕴。

In the book Dialect by Yang Xiong is recorded the Chu character'赵(zhao)'with the meaning of'bed bar',which in semantic system has nothing to do with'bed bar'.Therefore,the Chu character'赵'is a phonetic character.In the literature,the meaning of'bed bar'is represented as'■',which first appeared in the ancient dictionary'Guangya'.Since'■'and'赵'shared the same pronunciation in the medieval times of China,also since'赵'is only a phonetic character,Chinese literature later on used'■'that was created with the method of phonography to indicate the meaning of'bed bar'.By investigating the current dialects and language materials of ethnic minorities,it is found that this character is preserved and used in Hakka dialect,Min dialect,Jiangyong dialect,Daoxian dialect and Shui language,which is consistent with the changes of Chu dialect area since Qin and Han Dynasties,as well as the situation of ethnic minorities living in Chu dialect area.This is not an accidental coincidence,instead,it is a phenomenon of language remains existing in today’s southern Chinese dialects and ethnic languages.This phenomenon witnessed the mutual contact and influence between Chu dialect and southern Chinese dialects and ethnic languages,revealing the longstanding cultural implication of'peach wood worship'in the region where these ethnic languages are spoken.