外生菌根研究及应用的回顾与展望

Reviews and Prospects of the Ectomycorrhizal Research and Application

简要回顾了一百多年来外生菌根研究史 ;综述了外生菌根资源调查、分类鉴定、生态、生理、分子生物学以及生物技术研究与应用诸方面的阶段性成果和进展。通过对外生菌根研究与应用现状的归纳与分析 ,就我国菌根研究与应用等方面存在的主要问题提出了以下 4点建议 :1 .加强菌根资源的系统调查 ;确认对应植物属种 ,进行编目与建立数据库以及菌根 DNA文库。 2 .采集与收集菌根真菌 ,进行分离、培养、繁育与保藏 ,建立菌根真菌菌种库和 DNA文库。 3 .加强菌根技术研究 ,侧重研究造林树种菌根化育苗和造林的新技术、新工艺。 4.改革传统的育苗与造林的方式、方法 ,选育对应的优良菌根真菌菌株应用于育苗造林 ;制定相关的政策、法规以规范和推广菌根技术。

The history of studies on the ectomycorrhiza in the past century is briefly reviewed in this paper, with emphasis on investigations in ectomycorrhizal resources, identification and taxonomy, ecology, physiology, molecular biology, and biotechnology. (1) Ectomycorrhizal resource investigation. It is evident that numerous fungi and plants form a wide diversity of ectomycorrhizal association. Representatives of such diverse plant families are the Pinaceae, Cupressaceae, Salicaceae, Betulaceae and Fagaceae. China is extraordinarily rich in ectomycorrhizal resources; much work has been done to examine ectomycorrhizal association from the standpoint of the fungal taxonomic relationships in the past 30 years, especially ectomycorrhizal fungi associated with Pinaceae. However, there is still much to be done to make further investigation of ectomycorrhizal fungi associated with various plant species. (2) Ectomycorrhiza identification and taxonomy. By traditional methods, ectomycorrhiza is mainly confirmed by morphological and anatomical characters of ectomycorrhizal fungi. With the progress of ectomycorrhiza research, physiological, ecological and molecular biological characters are used to provide more comprehensive datasets for ectomycorrhiza classification. (3) Ecology and physiology of ectomycorrhiza. Most vascular plants including nearly all conifers establish symbiotic relationship with soil borne, root colonizing, ectomycorrhizal fungi. Mycorrhiza improve the survival and growth of trees by enhancing uptake of nutrients and water, lengthening the root life span, protecting the root system against soil borne pathogens and increasing tolerance to adverse condition. It plays an important role in stabilization and development of the whole ecological system. (4) Ectomycorrhiza molecular biology. With the development of molecular techniques, basic studies of ectomycorrhiza will be advanced through tools of DNA techniques, Isoenzyme techniques and Hybridoma techniques. All of these studies will lead to enhanced understanding and utilization of these potential valuable biological resources. Now, practical use of ectomycorrhizal fungi can be of great significance in tree species introduction, seedling mycorrhizalization, inhibition of plant pathogen, and production of edible ectomycorrhizal fungi. Based on the current situation, suggestions are made to improve the research and utilization of ectomycorrhiza in China as follows: (1) the ectomycorrhizal resources should be further investigated. It is necessary to confirm ectomycorrhizal fungi with corresponding plants, to make a list and set up a database as well as a DNA library. (2) It is important for the ectomycorrhizal research and utilization in the future to collect, isolate, and conserve ectomycorrhizal fungi, to set up a data bank for fungi strains and DNAs. (3) Science and technology on plantation and seedling mycorrhizalization should be enhanced. (4) It is essential to improve the traditional methods of seedling growth and plantation, to select associated ectomycorrhizal fungi strains, to regularize and improve corresponding mycorrhizal techniques.