从自然地理学到景观生态学

FROM GEOGRAPHY GO TO LANDSCAPE ECOLOGY

景观生态学是一门新兴的交叉学科,它源自于地理科学、生态科学、经济科学和系统科学,经历了三个发展阶段,即作为奠基阶段的景观综合生态学,达到规范化阶段的空间结构生态学,进入应用与发展阶段的区域建设生态学。它的基础理论包括生态进化与生态演替,空间分异性与生物多样性,景观异质性与异质共生,岛屿生物地理与空间镶嵌,尺度科学与自然等级组织,生物地球化学与景观地球化学,生态建设与生态区位理论等。其方法论的特色是异质性与尺度性,景观生态系统结构与功能的时空变化、边缘效应、人类干扰等是其研究重点。

Landscape ecology,as a multidisciplinary field,is relatively new synthetic and holistic science. It evolved from roots in many fields,such as geography,ecology,economy and system science. According to the time-space coupling dynamic model,the development process of landscape ecology can be devid-ed into three phasis: Landscape holistic ecology,spatial structure ecology and regional construction ecology. The basic theories of landscape ecology included:ecological evalution,succession,spatial differentiation and biotic diversity, landscape heterogeneity and coexistence of heterogeneity component, island biogeography and spatial mosaic theory,scale effect and natural hierachical organization theory,biological geochemistry and landscape geochemistry,ecological reconstruction and ecological location theory. The scale issue and heteogeneity are the central functional question on the methodology of landscape ecology. Key landscape concepts are structure, function and change. It uses pattern (changse in space)and process (changes in time) as pivotal attributes. More attention should be paid on the macroscopic variation of structure and function of landscape ecology system, edge effect and human impact on the landscape.