全盘汉化与北魏王朝的速亡——北魏孝文帝改革的经验与教训

Wholesale Hanization and the Abrupt Downfall of the Northern Wei Dynasty: Experience and Lesson from Emperor Xiaowen's Reform in the Northern Wei Dynasty

北魏孝文帝改革是中国历史上较全面、成功的一次改革。改革是时代发展的需要、历史发展的必然。然而,通过改革国力达到鼎盛的北魏王朝,在孝文帝死后仅30余年便迅速地分崩离析,这是一个值得探讨的问题。全盘汉化,尤其是大定姓族、对门阀士族制度的移植,使得尚无文化积淀可言的鲜卑贵族迅速腐化,而腐化则是导致北魏亡国的根本因素。改革中的扬弃十分重要。

The reform initiated by Emperor Xiaowen in the Northern Wei Dynasty was a relatively wholesome and successful one in Chinese history. His reform was justified as necessary to social and historical development. Hence reaching the pinnacle of state strength of the dynasty in his reign. However, it remains an exploratory issue even today why such a prosperous and powerful dynasty should fall separated only some 30 years after Emperor Xiaowen's death. The wholesale hanization, especially that of the Dading Family, and the transplantation of the system of families of power and influence and gentry sped up the corruption of the Xianbi barons lacking in cultural precipitation. And this corruption was the essential cause for the abrupt downfall of the Northern Wei Dynasty, which indicates that sublating is important to a reform.