我国无权占有人费用偿还制度的立法完善

The Legislative Perfection on the Rules of Reimbursement of Expense for the Unauthorized Possessors of China

无权占有人费用偿还制度是占有制度的重要内容之一。在法政策上涉及所有权人原物返还请求权的保护和无权占有人费用求偿权的保护。而后者在制度构造上因保护不足难以实现他人财产的合理利用。无论是域外立法经验还是我国物权法的规定均存在固有缺陷和不足。中国民法典关于无权占有人费用偿还制度的规定在以下两个方面值得反思、借镜、改进:在立法进路上,确立善意(恶意)占有人必要费用与有益费用求偿权在内的立法模式,应确立无因管理和不当得利为其理论基础,应启用费用概念,应确立必要费用、有益费用、奢侈费用、其他费用四分法;在规则建构上,构建包括费用请求权、留置权、抵销权、取回权在内的权利规则和适用竞合规则。

The rules of reimbursement of expense is one of the important contents of the possession system.It is involved in the protection of right of claim of the owner for the original property as well as the protection of expenses claims of the Unauthorized possessors in policy.While due to insufficient protection,the latter is hard to realize the rational use of property of others in the structure of system.Both extraterritorial legislation experience and the provisions of China’s property law have inherent defects and deficiencies.Civil code of China about the regulation of the rules of reimbursement of expense for the Unauthorized Possessors is worthy of reflection,model,improvement in the following two aspects:the legislation into the road,establish the legislative mode including good necessary expenses and beneficial expenses claims of good(bad)will possessors,should establish the gstio negotiorum and unjust enrichment as its theoretical basis,should enable expense concept,should establish the quartering of necessary fees,beneficial fees,luxury fees and other fees;on the rules of construction,building the right rules of expenses claim,lien,offset,recall right,and competition rules.