3American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials, STANDARD SPECIFICATIONS for HIGHE- WAY BRIDGES, Division I -A SEISMIC DESIGN [ Z]. SIXTEENTH EDITION, 1996.
4Uniform Building Code. International Conference of Building Officials[ Z]. Whittier, CA, 1997.
5JTGTB02-01-2008,公路桥梁抗震设计细则[S].
6Kowalsky M J. Deformation limit states for circular reinforced concrete bridge columns [ J ]. Journal of Structural Engineering ASCE, Vol. 126, No. 8,2000,869 - 878.
7Priestley M J N, Seible F and Calvi G M. Seismic design and retrofit of bridges [ M ]. New York: John Wiley & Sons, 1996.
8Park Y J, Ang A H-S. Mechanistic seismic damage model for reinforced concrete[ J]. Journal of Structural Engineering, ASCE, 1985, 111(4) : 722 -739.
9Ang A H-S, Kim W J and Kim S B. Damage estimation of existing bridge structures [ A ]. Structural Engineering in Natural Hazards Mitigat Proceedings of ASCE Structures Congress[ C ]. 1993, Irvine CA, Vo. 1 2, 1137 - 1142.
10Fajfar P. Equivalent ductility factors taking into account low-cycle fatigue[J]. Earthquake Engineering and Structural Dynamics, 1992, 21 ( 10 ) : 837- 848.