文体、风格、话语与“喻”——论人文学文本的构成

Genre,Style,Discourse and “Metaphor”:On the Composition of Humanistic Texts

人文学文本把握世界的方式是"喻"。与中国人文学的史学文体、文学文体与哲学文体相应的喻有三种:转喻(metonymy)、提喻(synecdoche)与讽喻(irony)。史学文体以转喻的方式构造出历史的"事实"与"叙事",其最终目标要"通古今之变"。转喻的运用基于天地万物当中的"结构同一性"。作为人文学文本的史学叙事风格有"事理宗"与"理事宗"。文学文体由意象组成,意象之本质是"提喻"。提喻的运用基于万事万物之间存在的"本质同一性"。人文学的文学文体的旨趣乃"穷天人之际",其风格类型有"情理宗"与"理情宗"。哲学文体对"性与天道"的认识以"悖论"的方式加以表达,此可名之为"讽喻"。讽喻之运用以宇宙间万事万物的"存在同一性"为前提。作为人文学的哲学文体的终极关切是"性与天道",并表现为"理道宗"与"道理宗"这两种风格类型。

It is by 'metaphors ' that a humanistic text grasps the world. There are three kinds of metaphors respectively corresponding to the genres of history,literature and philosophy in Chinese humanities:metonymy,synecdoche and irony. The historic genre creates historical 'facts'and 'narratives'in the way of metonymy to summarize the general principles going through the ancient and the present. Metonymy is based on the 'sameness of structures'of myriads of things in the world. The narrative styles of history include 'from events to principles ' and 'from principles to events '. To realize the 'interaction between Heaven and human',the literary genre is comprised of images,whose essence is 'synecdoche'. Synecdoche is based on the 'sameness of essence'of the myriads of things. The literary genre in humanities has two styles,i. e.,'from emotions to principles'and 'from principles to emotions'. The philosophical genre expresses its ultimate concern of 'human nature and the Dao of Heaven'in a 'paradoxical'way,which can be called'irony'. Irony is based on the'sameness of existence'of the myriads of things. The two styles of philosophical genre in humanities are 'from principles to the Dao'and 'from the Dao to principles'.