从“就”看词义的形成、分项和识别

On the Formation,Division and Identification of Word Meanings by Examining “Jiu”

词义的形成、分项和识别问题值得关注,对此可用"就"为例开展探讨。研究表明,《现代汉语词典》对"就"的义项划分需要修改,副词"就"的义项可以从8个归并为3个,依据在于被归并的5个义项并非真的词义,而是在句法和句义的制约下通过语用推理形成的语用含义。通过这些研究及相关探讨得到如下观点:(1)识别词义较虚的多义词的义项时对句法和句义环境的依赖程度较大。(2)识别词的义项的主要难点是如何解除语用含义的纠缠及确定词的内涵意义。(3)词义的形成、分项和识别这三者彼此紧密相连。总之,在确认词义、辨析词的义项的分合之时,必须把语用含义和真正的词义区分开来,以免损害辞书的释义质量,妨碍对语言单位或言语单位所携意义的结构、性质以及相互关系的正确的、规律性的认识。

The issue of the formation,division and identification of word meanings is worth of attention.In this regard,the word 'jiu'can be used as an example. The division of the meanings of 'jiu'in Modern Chinese Dictionary needs to be revised. The meanings of adverb 'jiu'can be merged from 8 into 3 since 5 of them are not real meanings of 'jiu',but pragmatic implications produced by pragmatic inference under the constraints of syntax and sentence meanings. we find that the context which is made up of syntax and sentence meanings plays an important role in the process to determine the meanings of a polysemous word with rather empty meanings. The main difficulty to determine the meanings of a word is how to identify the real meanings of a word when peeling off the tangled pragmatic implications. The formation,division,and identification of word meanings are closely relevant to each other. To be short,when we determine the meanings of a word,or decide whether some meanings of a word should be divided or merged, it is necessary to separate pragmatic implications from the real word meanings,in order to avoid lowering the definition quality of a dictionary,or hindering the correct understanding of the internal mechanism which controls the compositions,characteristics,and the relationships of meanings that the language units or discourse units carry.