中苏分裂与中日两党反修“同盟”——1960—1965年中共与东亚共产党党际关系研究之一

Sino-Soviet Split and Anti-Revisionist Alliance between the Chinese and Japanese Communist Parties:On the Inter-Party Relationship between the Chinese and East Asian Communist Parties,1960—1965

1960年代初中期,在中苏两党分裂的过程中,中共能够在一个阶段中争取到宫本显治领导的日共积极主动地站到自己一边,同中日两党拥有共同的反帝反修目标、共同的利益,以及日共与苏共在路线纲领上的分歧、苏共对日共内部事务的干涉密切相关。在1960—1963年中苏两党分歧公开化阶段,中日两党首次密切配合,抵制"三国条约"。其后,日共在国际共运意识形态大论战中支持中共的态度进一步明朗化。1964年中苏两党分裂成为定局,毛泽东调整中国的外交战略,扩大反美统一战线,建立反修统一战线。中日两党在政治上、组织上相互支持,关系进入到最佳状态,从某种程度上形成了一种反修同盟的关系。1965年在新执政的苏共领导集团暂未调整其对日共的方针时,中日两党以共同抵制莫斯科三月会议的姿态,揭开新一年对苏斗争的序幕。不过,日共对独立自主立场的坚持,以及中国"文化大革命"运动的即将来临,预示了中日两党关系走向疏离的前景,几个因素开始影响两党日后对亲近还是疏远的选择。在中苏分裂的大背景下,中日两党的诉求逻辑实际存在差异,而影响两党关系的深层次原因,仍然是国际共运党际关系结构失衡的问题。

During the first half of the 1960 s, as the relationship between Beijing and Moscow deteriorated,the Chinese Communist Party( CCP) endeavored to win over the Japanese Communist Party( JCP) under the leadership of Kenji Miyamoto. At the time,the JCP had similar goals and interests as the CCP in taking an anti-imperialist and anti-revisionist stance,disagreeing with the international orientation of the Soviet Communist Party( SCP) and resisting Moscow’s interference in its internal affairs. As the discords between the CCP and the SCP came to the open between 1960 and 1963,for the first time the JCP coordinated closely with the CCP in boycotting a 'tripartite agreement '. Afterwards, in the great polemics of the international communist movement,the JCP further clarified its attitude in supporting the CCP. By 1964 the Sino-Soviet Split became beyond salvage. MAO Ze-dong readjusted China’s foreign policy accordingly for the sake of broadening the anti-American united front and constructing an anti-Soviet united front. The CCP and the JCP supported each other politically and organizationally,advancing their cooperation significantly. In1965,before the new Soviet leadership was able to readjust its approach toward the JCP,the CCP and the JPC joined their efforts together in boycotting the March Conference in Moscow,thus initiating a new round of antiSoviet struggles for the year. Yet,whereas the JCP was determined to maintain independence,the 'Cultural Revolution'loomed large in China,both of which,aside from other factors,cast a shadow over the CCP-JCP relationship and affected the two parties’ decisions about their mutual relationship. In the circumstance of the Sino-Soviet Split,the CCP and the JCP were cooperating but actually pursuing different aspirations. In the final analysis,the CCP-JCP relationship could not ultimately escape the fact that inter-party relations of the international communist movement lacked a solid and stable pivot.