性别差异与医学实践:当代人类学视角中的性别医学

Gender,Difference and Medical Practice:Anthropological Understanding of Gender Medicine

建立在解剖学和身心二元论基础之上的当代生物医学提出了普适的"身体"概念。生物医学是一种特殊的文化,即"没有文化的文化"。对于身体的理解就是这种特定文化的产物。深藏于生物医学中普适身体观之下的是源于父权社会以白人男性为标准身体的文化预设。它牺牲的是人们对性别差异的充分认知。在该特定身体观的影响下,当代生物医学知识体系存在着诸多盲点,而这些盲点又导致了在医疗领域中普遍存在的一些危及女性生命健康的行医实践,常常给女性患者带来无法弥补的损失,造成严重后果。20世纪80年代以来,在女权主义运动的影响下,很多医学界的实践者逐渐意识到忽略性别差异对于医疗实践的影响,并开始自觉地对自身进行修补。性别医学的产生正是性别意识在医学界崛起的结果。本文评述80年代以来在科学批判研究领域中有关性别差异的理论对于知识再生产等重要议题的主要理论贡献,试图从人类学的角度对性别医学的产生、机构化和发展进行批判性的解读。

Modern biomedicine based on anatomy and the doctrine of body-mind dichotomy has put forward a universal concept of 'body'. However,biomedicine is a special culture,that is,a 'culture with no culture',and its understanding of body is a product of this special culture. Such a universal concept of body deep in biomedicine is in fact based on a cultural presupposition which only regards white male’s body as the norm and ignores the differences of other bodies,especially the woman ’s body in the patriarchal society. It excludes people’s full understanding of gender difference. Such shallow understanding of the body has caused serious social consequences,endangering the health and life of women in modern medical practices. Since1980 s,under the influence of the feminist movement,many medical practitioners have started to remedy the system consciously when realizing the negative impact of ignoring gender difference in medical practice. The increasing gender awareness in the medical field leads to the occurrence of gender medicine. This paper reviews the contributions of gender theories to biomedical knowledge production and cast critical light on the occurrence,institutionalization and development of gender medicine.