商会与近代中国教育的实业转向——以清末民初直隶商会的实业教育活动为探讨中心

1904年,清政府颁布《商会简明章程》,正式创建中国本土化近代商会制度。而今年已是2015年,恰为商会诞生111周年。比较这一个世纪的两端,无疑令人有时空穿越之感。但商会历经转型,从晚清民初以绅商为主的商会,到国民政府时期训政体制下的商会,到1949年之后新的工商联的建立,直至改革开放时期工商联市场功能的加强及不同类型民间商会的兴起,商会与整个社会经济以至国家形态的变迁密切相关。期间,不论商会是主动调适还是被动应变,能在一个世纪之中历经考验,且在当代改革开放深度推进的过程中绽放生机,可以说商会不仅已经沉淀形成了适应国情的"历史基因",还展现了与时俱进的当代新形态。由此而言,在商会建设及商会研究中,需要跨越时段断限,重视融会比较。本组专题文章既包括近代商会史又包括当代异地商会的讨论,且大体上都比较注重讨论商会的实际功用。朱英、夏巨富《广州商会与1937年营业税风潮》一文指出,商会为减轻商人税负,采取多种渠道向政府表达意见,发挥了重要的代理与整合作用。而且,商会不仅参与税法之制定,还在税法之宣讲与推行中发挥了重要影响。张学军、孙炳芳《商会与近代中国教育的实业转向——以清末民初直隶商会的实业教育活动为探讨中心》一文认为,直隶商会在政府的倡导和激励下,以振兴商务、实业救国为己任,积极兴办近代实业教育,这既体现出商会的社会公益职责,也展现出商会为实业发展的长远战略眼光。异地商会是当代商会研究中的新兴领域。魏文享《市场中的乡籍网络:异地商会的兴起要因分析》一文认为,异地商会的兴起,既是现有工商联体系的弥补,也同样秉承着竞争与协作的市场及社会法则;异地商会的发展得益于政府与商人的双重推动,其以商帮精神相号召,且在有意识寻求商会之文化传统与历史资源,也提醒对商会的历史基因仍须注重。

In 1904,the system of chamber of commerce was established,and now it is 111 years since its birth. Chamber of commerce changes with the changes of social conditions and state forms. After more than 100 years,chamber of commerce still prospers with the reform and opening up to the outside world today. This group of papers focus on the history of chamber of commerce as well as its present function. Zhu Ying and Xia Ju- fu think that chamber of commerce may help businessman reduce taxes. Zhang Xue- jun and Sun Bing- fang think that Hebei's businessmen set up modern industrial education,which reflect their social duties. Wei Wen- xiang thinks that the rising of chamber of commerce in the other provinces is promoted by governments and businessmen. The cultural tradition and historical resources should be consciously sought for.