儒家仁观念的思想内涵、超越路径及其批判反思

The Ideological Connotation,Transcendental Path and Critical Reflection of the Concept of Confucian Benevolence

仁观念渊源于上古三代思想传统,但在孔子那里由爱亲以爱人的主德进一步发展为内在主体性的源德和包容现实诸德的全德,呈现出儒家体用论的基本思维模式。孔子之后的儒家学者在仁观念的形而上超越路径、现实超越路径上有新的发展:一方面,将仁与性及天道合一,建构起了奠基于有机整体宇宙论的仁学本体论;另一方面,将仁由爱亲以爱人拓展到天地万物差异一体的理想境界。今天的中国社会和人的生活方式都在发生剧烈变化,应建构奠基于独立的个人之间的情感感应的实践的、开放的新仁学。

The concept of Benevolence originates from the ideological traditions of three generations. Once as the main virtues of love from the family to everyone,it has been furtherly developed into the intrinsic subjective virtues and the inclusive virtues of the actual virtues by Confucius,which manifests the basic thinking mode of body and function in Confucianism. Confucian scholars after the Confucius have made new developments in the metaphysical path of transcendence and the realistic path of transcendence. On the one hand,they combined benevolence with human nature and Law of the Nature so that they could construct a benevolent ontology theory based on organic whole cosmology;On the other hand,as the love from the family to everyone,the concept of benevolence was extended to the ideal realm of the oneness of all differences in all lives. Nowadays the Chinese society and people’s lifestyles are undergoing drastic changes,which means it’s necessary to build a new type of practical and open benevolent study based on independent and individual emotional inductions.