人口流动与近代华北乡村社会结构之演变

Population Flow and the Evolution of Rural Social Structure in Modern North China

传统时期,华北乡村社会结构比较稳定,是一个以亲缘家族为纽带,村民聚居集结,凝聚力很强的封闭社区,有着显著的集团性与内聚性。清末以降,华北乡村发生巨变,灾祸持续发生,新式交通发展,商品经济兴盛,权力体系瓦解,村庄社会结构逐渐失衡。人口流动是近代华北的突出现象,通过对山西乡村的观察发现,频繁的人口流动,使得村庄的产业结构、地权状况、劳动力状况等发生变化,尤其是村庄中的亲缘网络遭到破坏,村民的集体认同感下降,人际关联趋于松散,人口流动愈发不可控制。了解华北乡村社会结构及其演变,是认识近代华北乡村危机及革命发生的基础。

At the end of the Qing Dynasty,great changes took place in the villages of North China.Disasters continued to occur.New traffic developed,and the social structure of villages gradually became unbalanced.Population mobility was a prominent phenomenon in modern North China.Through the observation of the villages in Shanxi Province,it is found that frequent population mobility changed the industrial structure,land ownership and labor force of the villages.And especially the kinship network in the villages was destroyed,the collective identity of the villagers declined,and the interpersonal relationship became loose.Population flow was becoming more and more uncontrollable.Understanding the rural social structure and its evolution in North China is the basis for understanding the rural crisis and revolution in modern North China.