穆克登错定图们江源及朝鲜移栅位置考

Clarification on Mu Kedeng's Mistake over Positioning of Source of Tumen River and Exact Position of Paling Removed by Korea

康熙五十一年(1712)乌喇总管穆克登奉旨查边、定界,他回国后,朝鲜在沿图们江断流处设标时,发现水源出错,朝鲜差使员擅自移动堆、栅位置,将其连接到自认为正确的图们江源上,由此派生出两个问题:穆克登最初定的图们江源是哪一支?朝鲜移动堆、栅时连接的图们江源是哪一派?本文参考了朝鲜差使员的口供和地方官的报告,18、19世纪的朝鲜地图,以及光绪年间中朝勘界时双方官员的调查报告等,得出的结论为:穆克登错定图们江源,指定了一条流向松花江的水,朝鲜在图们江断流处设标时,既将堆栅连接到穆克登指定的水源(松花江上流),又用木栅连接到图们江上流红土山水上,朝鲜所谓移栅就是指后者。

In the 51st Year of Kangxi Reign(1712),following imperial decree from the emperor,Mu Kedeng,the Governor of Wula,made an inspection over the border for exact positioning and precise chartering on borderline.When Mu Kedeng returned from frontier,in the process of establishing signs along dried-up sections of Tumen River,Korean officials found out that Mu Kedeng had made a mistake on positioning of source of Tumen River,and they removed the paling and piles,which were erected by Mu Kedeng as signs of borderline,to the another river source that was regarded as the correct source of Tumen River by these Korean officials,without consent from Chinese officials.Two problems were derived from such actions. First,which stream is the source positioned by Mu Kedeng as the source of Tumen River? Second,which stream is the source which was regarded as the correct source of Tumen River by those Korean officials,and on which those Korean officials put removed piles and palings for modified positioning?The author made detailed and scrupulous survey over various documents and files,including historic records of descriptions made by those Korean officials,reports made by local officials at that time,Korean maps in 18th and 19th centuries,and reports of investigation from both Chinese and Korean officials in the border survey and positioning program implemented in the Guangxu Reign.The author draws a conclusion that Mu Kedeng really made a mistake by regarding a stream flowing into Songhua River as the source of Tumen River.The author also finds out that Korean officials not only put some piles on the stream positioned by Mu Kedeng(the stream flowing into Songhua River),but also removed the wooden palings to the stream on Hongtu Hill in the upper valley of Tumen River.The so-called removed palings mentioned by Korean officials refer to latter one.