“丙子之役”及战后清鲜交涉的几个问题

The"Campaign in Bingzi Year"and Several Issues in the Negotiation Between Korea and Manchu Conquerors after That Campaign

由于朝鲜长期"事大"于明,与后金关系不睦,后金汗皇太极对此难以容忍,在1636年发动旨在征服朝鲜的"丙子之役"。结果朝鲜战败,清朝将朝鲜纳入到清朝的统治体系之中,直接控制了朝鲜。但是,战后两国的关系并不融洽,双方在关于明朝地位、贡赐数额、互市贸易、边民犯越、朝鲜助兵等问题上有诸多争端,反映出朝鲜人在心理上很难接受由女真人建立的清政权对他们的统治。后来,清军入关建立统一全国的政权并调整了对朝鲜的政策,由此朝鲜才完全转变到对清忠诚事大的轨道上来。

Manzhu Conquerors could not tolerate Korea's long-standing obedience to Ming Dynasty of China and Korean contempt on Manchu Conquerors' Qing Dynasty,and launched'Campaign in Bingzi Year'aimed at conquering Korea.Korea was defeated in this campaign and was forced to be articulated into the ruling system of Qing Dynasty and put under direct control of Manchu Conquerors.After this campaign,the mutual maliciousness and distrust still existed,leading to many disputes arising from disagreement on Ming Dynasty's status,amount of tribute paid by Korea to Qing Dynasty,bilateral trade on border,border-crossing and smuggling,and Korea's secret assistance to Ming Dynasty,which reflected heart-felt non-recognition deeply rooted in the psychology and perception of Korea on the extremely barbaric and brutal Manchu Conquerors.Later,Manchu Conquerors successfully conquered China by unprecedentedly bloody and cruel massacres and ravages,and made some adjustments on its policy towards Korea.It was until Manchu Conquerors' establishment of reign over the whole China that Korea reluctantly modified its policy and began to make stable tribute to Qing Dynasty.