夏商时期黄河中上游地区文化交流探究

On the Cultural Communications in the Middle and Upper Reaches of the Yellow River in Xia and Shang Dynasties

考古发现揭示,基于中原地区先秦文化的先进与发达,夏商时期中原文化渐次沿黄河向西北播散,促进了黄河中上游地区社会的文明化进程。二里头夏文化以豫西伊洛河流域为中心扩展至晋南和关中东部地区,在晋南地区出现了规模较大的地区中心聚落。早商王朝着力向西拓展实力,二里岗文化不仅取代了晋南、关中东部地区的二里头文化,且在原二里头文化的覆盖地域内建起了城市,进一步将晋中南、关中地区作为自己的直接控制地区;晚商时期的青铜器和族徽铭文反映出晋北地区有商王朝统御下的方国存在。有关夏移民的文献记载及龙图腾的考古发现,揭示出商灭夏后夏人的一支从豫西晋南沿黄河溯流而上到达河套地区,后又继续西移逾天山、中亚到达阿富汗,成为汉代匈奴和后来大夏的先世。而内蒙古南部夏商时期的朱开沟遗址也深受中原夏商文化的影响,且在沟通中原与黄河上游地区文化交流方面起着中介作用。

The archaeological findings tell us,on the basis of the cultural advancement and progress in pre-Qin days in the middle and lower reaches of the Yellow River,the culture in this district in Xia and Shang Dynasties spread gradually to the northwest along the Yellow River,and promoted the civilization in the River’s Middle and Upper Reaches.The culture in Erlitou in Xia Dynasty,which centred in Yi Luo River valley in the west of Henan Province,extended to the south of Shanxi and central Shaanxi.Large regional central settlement appeared in the south of Shanxi at that time.In the early period of Shang Dynasty,its king tried to expand to the west,so the Erligang Culture not only replaced the Erlitou culture in the south of Shanxi and the eastern part of the south of Shaanxi but also lead to some cities’setting up in the original Erlitou culture district,and controlled directly the south and middle part of Shanxi,and the central part of Shaanxi.The bronze ware and henealogical emblem inscription in late Shang Dynasty reflect that there were small kingdoms under Shang Dynasty in the north of Shanxi.The archaeological findings about the immigration documentation and Dragon totem in Xia Dyansty tell us that one branch of the Xia people after Shang Dyansty replaced Xia Dynasty ran up along the Yellow River from the west of Henan and the south of Shanxi,arrived at the Great Bent of the Yellow River,then moved westward across Tian Moantain,to the middle Asia,reached Afghanistan,and became the ancesters of Xiongnu and Large Xia.The Xian Gou ruins in the south of Inner Mongolia in Xia and Shang Dynasties were also influenced by the Xia and Shang culture in the middle and lower reaches of the Yellow River.It played an important role in linking up the districts in the middle and lower reaches of the Yellow River and its upper reach.