档案呈现的清中叶河南乡村社会——以59件嘉庆朝刑科题本为例

The Henan Rural Society in the Mid—Qing Presented by the Archives——Based on 59 Penal Memorials to the Throne in Jiaqing Era

本文利用新近出版的《清嘉庆朝刑科题本社会史料辑刊》,探讨河南的乡村社会经济与日常生活。辑录出的59件河南档案,尤以开封府、河南府、南阳府、汝宁府、光州直隶州五个府州资料较为集中。《辑刊》所载的档案资料,有案件事主交待的家庭亲属年龄及基本情况的记载,使我们了解到当时社会的人口、婚姻、家庭等状况很有用处,我们获得不少有关的信息。嘉庆时期河南农村的生计活动比较多样化,农与商工结合,兼业较为突出,人们有较高的生活水准。生产生活中的借贷与雇佣活动较多,经济关系也是社会关系,经济互助与放贷牟利并存。一般认为清代乾隆朝中期开始政治上渐趋腐败,走向了中衰之路,嘉庆朝全面衰落。然而,嘉庆朝的河南农村,社会经济并无明显衰退,仍然呈现的是比较繁荣的景象。

The article using the"Historical Data Compilation on Penal Memorials to the Throne in Jiaqing Era in Qing Dynasty"that recently published discusses the rural socio-economy and ordinary life in Henan Province.The compiled 59 Henan archives mainly focused on the materials of prefectures of Kaifeng,Henan,Nanyang,Runing and the independent department of Guangzhou.The archives recorded the family and relatives’ages and other things recounted by the person concerned,helping us to know the population,marriage and family and so on in the society at that time.The livelihood activities in Henan of Jiaqing Era were diversification.The farm was combined with industry and commerce.The diversified economy was outstanding.The people had a higher standard of living conditions.There were a lot of lending and employment activity in production and living.The economic relations were also the social relations.Economic cooperation and seeking profit by lending were coexistence.As generally believed the Qing Dynasty gradually corrupted and declined in the mid,and comprehensively declined in Jiaqing Era.However in Henan of Jiaqing Era the socioeconomic had no significant recession and still presented prosperity.