黄河三门峡水库泥沙淤积、地下水浸没、库岸坍塌对生态的破坏及其治理措施

Ecological Deterioration around the Reservoir of Sanmen Gorge on the Yellow River and Measure-ments Taken

三门峡水库是在黄河干流上修建的第一座大型水利枢纽工程,1960年9月建成并蓄水运用。由于原设计对泥沙淤积问题估计不足,在水库蓄水运用后的四年时间内,335m以下库容已损失43％,潼关河床抬高4.5m,致使渭河和北洛河下游河床淤高,屡次发生严重洪水灾害。高水位蓄水期间,因受地下水浸没影响,库周发生大范围的湿陷、裂缝、沉降、塌方、塌房、塌井和农田沼泽化、盐碱化。特别是潼关以下库段发生的大面积库岸坍塌,给库区两岸人民的生命财产。

In this article, some ecological effects of the reservoir of the Sanmen Gorge have been discussed since it was built in September of 1960. The reservoir is the first hydro-junction engineering built on the Yellow River. Its harmful impacts on ecological environment appear especially during the high level storage. Owing to silting seriously and expanding silt to the upper basin, the reservoir was forced to have been rebuilt twice. And till now it has been working well in the way of "discharging sediment during low level storage, maintaining water when clear and discharging when muddy, then regulating water and sediment". Since then balance of scouring and silting has been kept, expansion of silting to upper riverbed controlled, and impacts on ecological environment lightened. Now the reservoir is not only playing an important role in preventing flood and glacier, but getting the. benefits of irrigation, urban water supply and generation of electricity.